NIP: Guilty by Beard: Tamerlan Tsarnaev ........by M. Baker
December 28, 2013
In the days since the suspects were identified last week, a picture has emerged of 26-year-old Tamerlan Tsarnaev — the elder of the two brothers, who was killed Friday in the battle with police — as an increasingly militant immigrant, whom family members described as unhappy and mean. (April 21 Boston Globe)
A Conflicting Portrait Emerges: Suicidal Terrorist or Not?
Suspect No. 1, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, has been portrayed as a mean, violent, religious zealot. A failed athlete with unrealized Olympic dreams who beat a woman, regularly intimidated his impressionable younger brother, shouted down his fellow Muslims at services, and bullied his wife into 80 hour work weeks. All of which enabled him to continue his non-career as couch potato and loser, the latter tag courtesy of his Uncle Tsarni.
His parents claim not to recognize that person. (And after his uncle vehemently denounced him in the Press, he later admitted he had not seen him in several years.)
Was the elder Tsarnaev brother truly a religious zealot intent on realizing his jihadi ambitions on the backs of innocent Americans? A wanna-be terrorist who recently downloaded terrorist materials (1) and tripped the radar of both the Russian security services and the FBI in 2011? (2) Were the six months he spent in Dagestan in 2012 just an excuse to cavort with terror groups, only to beat a hasty retreat back to the U.S. two days after those local Chechen insurgents were slain in shootouts with government forces?
In short, was he that man whose death certificate caustically damned as: “never worked.”
Or was he a loving father, a young husband, a considerate son who frequently called his far distant parents, and the older brother who kept watch over his younger brother as his father insisted? No one is disputing Tamerlan was an immigrant who wanted U.S. citizenship as of a filed application on 09/05/2012. Could he not also have been just a casual observer of his faith---who helped his father remodel an apartment while waiting six months for a Russian passport , who discussed his religion with the neighbors on that trip—conversations subsequently characterized as nothing out of the ordinary, just another young adult still finding himself by searching for his roots?
There are many conflicting accounts of this unremarkable man in both the national and local media outlets. Which is to be expected: neither his life nor his death was carefully documented. What is known has been cobbled together post mortem from diverse sources, including reluctant official acknowledgements of prior entanglements and often uneven media interviews with family and friends. .
But we are only here to look into….allegations and speculations about his facial hair.
A Muslim Minus His Beard?
The state of this man’s beard has been commented upon, documented, and analyzed such to label him in the public discourse as an extremist, fully capable of blowing up the Marathon in his home city. Why has the status of Tsarnaev’s beard even been on the national radar? Might it be because Americans have been sensitized since 9/11 to associate thick Muslim beards with strong religious beliefs—and by default, Anti-American sentiment? Has it become a mark of suspicion for certain members of a community, regardless of their true nature?
And was this sensitivity a useful tool to exploit when building a portrait of the elder brother as a home-grown terrorist? One wonders why. Might it be because there are to date no images of him at the finish line in front of Marathon Sports, doing the deed? How could law enforcement teams collecting video from surveillance cameras along the Boylston street route he would have taken to the front of Marathon Sports failed to have spotted all six feet plus of him? He towered over most people.
Commission Ed Davis: We have a Lieutenant here who does a lot of video collection for us, he happened to be right there (at the Marathon) as I arrived. I grabbed him, (said) listen, the first job here, get on the video, start to pull video from all the locations. Within 10 minutes of the blast, we had detectives that were already out pulling video.”
Lt. Bill Evans: “If you know Boylston Street, there are 200 businesses on that street. We knew we’d get good video.” (3)
But instead of corroborating visuals on the FBI website of a clean-shaven Tamerlan Tsarnaev, standing in front of Marathon Sports with deadly 'black bag' in hand, we have only anecdotal accounts framing his true nature as that of a suicide bomber. Some even go so far as to suggest his appearance April 15th was a form of disguise, rendering him unrecognizable.
The state of this man’s beard has been commented upon, documented, and analyzed such to label him in the public discourse as an extremist, fully capable of blowing up the Marathon in his home city. Why has the status of Tsarnaev’s beard even been on the national radar? Might it be because Americans have been sensitized since 9/11 to associate thick Muslim beards with strong religious beliefs—and by default, Anti-American sentiment? Has it become a mark of suspicion for certain members of a community, regardless of their true nature?
And was this sensitivity a useful tool to exploit when building a portrait of the elder brother as a home-grown terrorist? One wonders why. Might it be because there are to date no images of him at the finish line in front of Marathon Sports, doing the deed? How could law enforcement teams collecting video from surveillance cameras along the Boylston street route he would have taken to the front of Marathon Sports failed to have spotted all six feet plus of him? He towered over most people.
Commission Ed Davis: We have a Lieutenant here who does a lot of video collection for us, he happened to be right there (at the Marathon) as I arrived. I grabbed him, (said) listen, the first job here, get on the video, start to pull video from all the locations. Within 10 minutes of the blast, we had detectives that were already out pulling video.”
Lt. Bill Evans: “If you know Boylston Street, there are 200 businesses on that street. We knew we’d get good video.” (3)
But instead of corroborating visuals on the FBI website of a clean-shaven Tamerlan Tsarnaev, standing in front of Marathon Sports with deadly 'black bag' in hand, we have only anecdotal accounts framing his true nature as that of a suicide bomber. Some even go so far as to suggest his appearance April 15th was a form of disguise, rendering him unrecognizable.
Here are but a few examples of the damning
tonsorial details published post-Watertown.
The manager at Wai Kru, who wanted to be identified only as Michael, noticed a distinct change in the older brother's appearance. Tamerlan Tsarnaev's full, bushy religious beard, which he had for about two years, was gone.
(He) now wonders if Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26, shaved his beard as an Islamic purification ritual before his death.
Others, such as terrorism analyst Paul Cruickshank, suggest other reasons. "Shaving the beard may be a way to blend in, not to attract scrutiny from security services in carrying out the Boston attacks," Cruickshank said. (5)
This story, of shaving his beard, was heavily reported throughout all the main media channels in the days immediately following Tsarnaev’s death.
And:
Patricia McMillan, who lives two doors down (from the Tsarnaev’s apartment in Cambridge,) said she last saw Tamerlan Tsarnaev in the neighborhood the Wednesday before the bombing, noting he had shaved off his beard and that he was smoking. (6)
And:
Travel records obtained by NBC 4 New York show Tsarnaev left New York on Jan. 12, 2012 for Sheremetyevo, Russia. He stayed overseas and returned to JFK on July 17.
The travel documents show a photo of a bearded Tsarnaev. (7)
It is worth noting that beards on young Muslim men in that part of the Caucasus are commonplace.
And again from CNN:
BLITZER: I assume you were watching as the FBI released the photos, the video of these two suspects. Did you immediately put two and two together and say to yourself, I know these guys?
VASQUEZ: I did not. I did not. And I'll tell you why. The pictures that were released, they were pixelated and the older brother was sporting a different look than what I remember. He never wore a hat. He always had a nice beard, tightly trimmed, and he was clean shaven in the picture. He had glasses on. He had a hat on. It's not what I remember.
BLITZER: He always had a beard?
VASQUEZ: He always had a beard. He did.
BLITZER: So, do you think he shaved his beard deliberately to change his identity or something like that?
VASQUEZ: I can't speak to that because I didn't see him in a year, two years.
BLITZER: So, when you saw him without the beard, you didn't put two and two together.
VASQUEZ: I didn't.
BLITZER: You didn't recognize him.
VASQUEZ: No. That could have been anybody, especially with the disguise he -- to me it's a disguise. (8)
Conversely though, we have this account from the Boston Globe:
A neighbor said Tamerlan Tsarnaev also briefly exchanged his urban look for religious dress, a long white robe, and beard. But he also said the transformation came as soon as it went: Tamerlan Tsarnaev shaved the beard about a month after he grew it. (9)
There’s also this from the Washington Post article:
What is known is that Tamerlan came home from Dagestan (July, 2012) with a full, dark beard, according to two neighbors. Within a few weeks of his return, he was beardless again. (10)
And another neighbor told WHDH 7News in Boston:
“The kids never looked religious or anything at all,” said Evdokimov. “Now the parents went back about a year ago and all of a sudden Tamerlan (had this) Taliban-type look, you know? Big beard, headgear, traditional clothing and he was going like for about, like I said, a year and all of a sudden about a month ago I see him shaven again, European clothes--he’s back into his usual routine.” (11)
And:
Wai Kru Mixed Martial Arts center owner John Allan said Tsarnaev and Mess used to work out at his gym together but Tsarnaev stopped coming after Mess was murdered (in September, 2011.)
The event clearly still haunted Tsarnaev as recently as last week when he suddenly returned to his old gym. (12)
Suggesting that it well may have been nearly two years since the Wai-Kru gym manager Michael had actually seen Tsarnaev with that scary “full, bushy, religious beard.”
The manager at Wai Kru, who wanted to be identified only as Michael, noticed a distinct change in the older brother's appearance. Tamerlan Tsarnaev's full, bushy religious beard, which he had for about two years, was gone.
(He) now wonders if Tamerlan Tsarnaev, 26, shaved his beard as an Islamic purification ritual before his death.
Others, such as terrorism analyst Paul Cruickshank, suggest other reasons. "Shaving the beard may be a way to blend in, not to attract scrutiny from security services in carrying out the Boston attacks," Cruickshank said. (5)
This story, of shaving his beard, was heavily reported throughout all the main media channels in the days immediately following Tsarnaev’s death.
And:
Patricia McMillan, who lives two doors down (from the Tsarnaev’s apartment in Cambridge,) said she last saw Tamerlan Tsarnaev in the neighborhood the Wednesday before the bombing, noting he had shaved off his beard and that he was smoking. (6)
And:
Travel records obtained by NBC 4 New York show Tsarnaev left New York on Jan. 12, 2012 for Sheremetyevo, Russia. He stayed overseas and returned to JFK on July 17.
The travel documents show a photo of a bearded Tsarnaev. (7)
It is worth noting that beards on young Muslim men in that part of the Caucasus are commonplace.
And again from CNN:
BLITZER: I assume you were watching as the FBI released the photos, the video of these two suspects. Did you immediately put two and two together and say to yourself, I know these guys?
VASQUEZ: I did not. I did not. And I'll tell you why. The pictures that were released, they were pixelated and the older brother was sporting a different look than what I remember. He never wore a hat. He always had a nice beard, tightly trimmed, and he was clean shaven in the picture. He had glasses on. He had a hat on. It's not what I remember.
BLITZER: He always had a beard?
VASQUEZ: He always had a beard. He did.
BLITZER: So, do you think he shaved his beard deliberately to change his identity or something like that?
VASQUEZ: I can't speak to that because I didn't see him in a year, two years.
BLITZER: So, when you saw him without the beard, you didn't put two and two together.
VASQUEZ: I didn't.
BLITZER: You didn't recognize him.
VASQUEZ: No. That could have been anybody, especially with the disguise he -- to me it's a disguise. (8)
Conversely though, we have this account from the Boston Globe:
A neighbor said Tamerlan Tsarnaev also briefly exchanged his urban look for religious dress, a long white robe, and beard. But he also said the transformation came as soon as it went: Tamerlan Tsarnaev shaved the beard about a month after he grew it. (9)
There’s also this from the Washington Post article:
What is known is that Tamerlan came home from Dagestan (July, 2012) with a full, dark beard, according to two neighbors. Within a few weeks of his return, he was beardless again. (10)
And another neighbor told WHDH 7News in Boston:
“The kids never looked religious or anything at all,” said Evdokimov. “Now the parents went back about a year ago and all of a sudden Tamerlan (had this) Taliban-type look, you know? Big beard, headgear, traditional clothing and he was going like for about, like I said, a year and all of a sudden about a month ago I see him shaven again, European clothes--he’s back into his usual routine.” (11)
And:
Wai Kru Mixed Martial Arts center owner John Allan said Tsarnaev and Mess used to work out at his gym together but Tsarnaev stopped coming after Mess was murdered (in September, 2011.)
The event clearly still haunted Tsarnaev as recently as last week when he suddenly returned to his old gym. (12)
Suggesting that it well may have been nearly two years since the Wai-Kru gym manager Michael had actually seen Tsarnaev with that scary “full, bushy, religious beard.”
Is there an Islamic Connection?
But is the shaving of a male’s beard really an Islamist purification ritual, embarked upon before entering into actions leading to certain death and/or suicide?
(From) “Abdullah Bin Hamid Ali, professor of Islamic Law at Zaytuna College in Berkeley, Calif and author of the Muslim Funeral Guide.
"Suicide is a sin in Islam and the idea that one would [purify] in anticipation of a serious sin is not at all Islamic."
In fact, Professor Ali went on to say that the only Islamic pre-death "purification ritual" was akin to the Catholic confession-- essentially, atoning for one's sins.
Nowhere, he said, is shaving the beard part of any Islamic pre-death ritual.” (13)
(In fact, there appears to be debate within the Western-based factions of the community about maintaining the full beard.)
So why has this everyday practice of male grooming become part of the vernacular as an indicator of impending suicidal attack on Western society? According to a widely referenced article in Slate from March, 2008, it was the U.S. Military that identified the link between the ritual of shaving of the body and preparing for a suicide mission. Or perhaps there is an alternative explanation for this behavior, found in the ritual shaving performed by Pashtun tribes prior to entering battle. (14) And who are the Pashtun tribes? Wiki identifies the Taliban as being composed primarily of Pashtun tribal members.
Whatever would the Taliban have to do with a martial arts gym manager in Boston who identified a Pashtun tribal practice as the likely reason for Tamerlan’s beardless state? Especially as the manager would likely have had no occasion to observe Tamerlan Tsarnaev or his facial hair choices for at least two years?
But is the shaving of a male’s beard really an Islamist purification ritual, embarked upon before entering into actions leading to certain death and/or suicide?
(From) “Abdullah Bin Hamid Ali, professor of Islamic Law at Zaytuna College in Berkeley, Calif and author of the Muslim Funeral Guide.
"Suicide is a sin in Islam and the idea that one would [purify] in anticipation of a serious sin is not at all Islamic."
In fact, Professor Ali went on to say that the only Islamic pre-death "purification ritual" was akin to the Catholic confession-- essentially, atoning for one's sins.
Nowhere, he said, is shaving the beard part of any Islamic pre-death ritual.” (13)
(In fact, there appears to be debate within the Western-based factions of the community about maintaining the full beard.)
So why has this everyday practice of male grooming become part of the vernacular as an indicator of impending suicidal attack on Western society? According to a widely referenced article in Slate from March, 2008, it was the U.S. Military that identified the link between the ritual of shaving of the body and preparing for a suicide mission. Or perhaps there is an alternative explanation for this behavior, found in the ritual shaving performed by Pashtun tribes prior to entering battle. (14) And who are the Pashtun tribes? Wiki identifies the Taliban as being composed primarily of Pashtun tribal members.
Whatever would the Taliban have to do with a martial arts gym manager in Boston who identified a Pashtun tribal practice as the likely reason for Tamerlan’s beardless state? Especially as the manager would likely have had no occasion to observe Tamerlan Tsarnaev or his facial hair choices for at least two years?
An Alternative Theory
Men shave their beards for many reasons. A common practice in harsher climes such as Boston is to grow one’s beard in anticipation of colder weather and shave or trim it closely as Spring brings warmer temperatures.
In Tamerlan’s case, he was not clean-shaven three days before the Marathon during his mid-afternoon visit to Wai-Kru. Instead, he sported the scruff popular among young males in our culture.
Men shave their beards for many reasons. A common practice in harsher climes such as Boston is to grow one’s beard in anticipation of colder weather and shave or trim it closely as Spring brings warmer temperatures.
In Tamerlan’s case, he was not clean-shaven three days before the Marathon during his mid-afternoon visit to Wai-Kru. Instead, he sported the scruff popular among young males in our culture.
Three days later, at roughly the same time of day, on
Boylston Street in Boston, he was noticeably clean-shaven. (b)
And finally on the evening of April 18, in one
of the last, undisputed images of him, he is standing outside the entrance to
the Shell station, that same scruff grown back in around his chin clearly
visible.
Most readers are also familiar with the purported death
image taken a few hours after the brothers’ Shell station visit, in which his
scruff is quite apparent. (It also graphically dispenses with a suggestion he may have shaved his body hair in anticipation of a planned
suicide attack three days earlier.)
In short, Tamerlan was an individual who had a heavy beard. There are many photos of him with a ‘five-o’clock’ shadow. Just as there are many photos of him displaying all manner of facial hair.
But on the day of the Marathon, he was indeed clean-shaven, with no signs of a shadowy beard. Perhaps that is suggestive of him shaving not long before he left with his younger brother to arrive after 2:00 p.m. on Boylston Street.
Striding so purposefully away from Dzhokhar that afternoon before the explosions, might Tamerlan have been leaving to make an appointment with someone at the Marathon or elsewhere? Possibly with an individual who would appreciate the lack of a scruffy beard, expecting Tsarnaev to observe conventional personal grooming? Because any proposed rationale fingering shaving his scruff as a means of disguise does not take into account the many changing faces of Tamerlan over the last five years.
In short, Tamerlan was an individual who had a heavy beard. There are many photos of him with a ‘five-o’clock’ shadow. Just as there are many photos of him displaying all manner of facial hair.
But on the day of the Marathon, he was indeed clean-shaven, with no signs of a shadowy beard. Perhaps that is suggestive of him shaving not long before he left with his younger brother to arrive after 2:00 p.m. on Boylston Street.
Striding so purposefully away from Dzhokhar that afternoon before the explosions, might Tamerlan have been leaving to make an appointment with someone at the Marathon or elsewhere? Possibly with an individual who would appreciate the lack of a scruffy beard, expecting Tsarnaev to observe conventional personal grooming? Because any proposed rationale fingering shaving his scruff as a means of disguise does not take into account the many changing faces of Tamerlan over the last five years.
There is also the interesting speculation that if
Tamerlan was meeting with an individual that sunny April race day, said
person(s) might not have been someone(s) who could afford the notoriety of being
seen with him on surveillance video. (But if Tamerlan’s business was not
planned for Marathon turf, why did the brothers proceed up a crowded Boylston
Street together, only to split up less than half an hour before the bombings?) And if even one image of Tamerlan could be
found and/or released to the public, that might seriously beg the question—where are any
other images and video of him making his way to the target site?
It’s so truly curious there are no images—official or amateur--in the public arena of Tamerlan in front of Marathon Sports, and odder still that no investigative journalist in the national media is questioning it. Why did the FBI release on 4/18 only images of Dzhokhar in front of Forum and not Tamerlan anywhere other than in front of Whiskey's?
And the motivation that prompted the elder Tsarnaev to completely shave off his scruff for his time at the Marathon? Apparently it was no longer applicable as of the evening of the 18th when the surveillance photo was taken of him outside the Shell station.
Whatever the nature of his appointment with destiny on 4/15, it would seem to have been important enough for the former boxer to look his conventional best.
It’s so truly curious there are no images—official or amateur--in the public arena of Tamerlan in front of Marathon Sports, and odder still that no investigative journalist in the national media is questioning it. Why did the FBI release on 4/18 only images of Dzhokhar in front of Forum and not Tamerlan anywhere other than in front of Whiskey's?
And the motivation that prompted the elder Tsarnaev to completely shave off his scruff for his time at the Marathon? Apparently it was no longer applicable as of the evening of the 18th when the surveillance photo was taken of him outside the Shell station.
Whatever the nature of his appointment with destiny on 4/15, it would seem to have been important enough for the former boxer to look his conventional best.
References:
(1) http://www.youtube.com/user/muazseyfullah/about (TT supposed facebook account, with no name as of January, 2013) Muazseyfullah translates as Sword of Allah.
(2) Coincidentally, the same year he became ineligible for amateur national boxing tournaments because he wasn’t a U.S. citizen. The Russians had become alarmed by his behavior in attending services at a Mosque known for religious radicalism and during 2011 had observed him for one month. “(T)he Russian security services never observed Tsarnaev make contact with any of the known insurgent leaders or suspected terrorists who operate in Dagestan.”
Older Boston Suspect Made Two Trips to Dagestan, Visited Radical Mosque, Officials Say | TIME.com http://world.time.com/2013/04/22/tsarnaev-in-dagestan/#ixzz2oYDy0DjO
(3) http://video.pbs.org/video/2365018017/
(4) The Guardian:
Richard Nielsen, a graduate fellow at the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies, has looked closely at the (“Tamerlan Tsarnaev-named”) YouTube page and said what strikes him about it is its emphasis on doctrinal issues. "A number of the videos are not what a casual observer might think of as 'Islamist terrorism' videos. Rather, they are doctrinal videos debating precise points of doctrine about how God deserves to be worshipped.”
(5) http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/video-boston-marathon-bomber-tsarnaev-shown-new-gym-video-well-trained-conditioned-fighter-article-1.1359764#ixzz2oYHrYBUn and
http://www.wdsu.com/news/national/Boston-bombing-suspects-at-gym-before-attack/-/9853500/20370472/-/tlo4wn/-/index.html#ixzz2oYWv5ooW
(6) http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=641888&CatID=2
(7) http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Boston-Marathon-Bombing-Suspects-JFK-NYC-Travel-International-203787721.html?_osource=SocialFlowTwt_NYBrand#
(8) http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1304/19/sitroom.01.html
(9) http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/19/scholars-caution-against-drawing-easy-religious-conclusions-about-suspects-boston-marathon-bombings/a5Iucv4ntQHgSvXchQqKOM/story.html
(10) http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/feature/wp/2013/04/27/the-tsarnaev-family-a-faded-portrait-of-an-immigrants-american-dream/
(11) http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/boston/10010412344358/neighbor-who-knew-suspects-speaks-out/
(12) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2311686/Tamerlan-Tsarnaev-Manipulated-younger-sibling-flipped-American-friend-Brendan-Mess-throat-slit-unsolved-murder.html#ixzz2oYOwuQuO
(13) http://www.illumemagazine.com/zine/articleDetail.php?Muslim-death-ritual-Tamerlan-tsarnaev-video-at-gym-14328
(14)http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2008/03/hair_today_gone_tomorrow.html
(1) http://www.youtube.com/user/muazseyfullah/about (TT supposed facebook account, with no name as of January, 2013) Muazseyfullah translates as Sword of Allah.
(2) Coincidentally, the same year he became ineligible for amateur national boxing tournaments because he wasn’t a U.S. citizen. The Russians had become alarmed by his behavior in attending services at a Mosque known for religious radicalism and during 2011 had observed him for one month. “(T)he Russian security services never observed Tsarnaev make contact with any of the known insurgent leaders or suspected terrorists who operate in Dagestan.”
Older Boston Suspect Made Two Trips to Dagestan, Visited Radical Mosque, Officials Say | TIME.com http://world.time.com/2013/04/22/tsarnaev-in-dagestan/#ixzz2oYDy0DjO
(3) http://video.pbs.org/video/2365018017/
(4) The Guardian:
Richard Nielsen, a graduate fellow at the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies, has looked closely at the (“Tamerlan Tsarnaev-named”) YouTube page and said what strikes him about it is its emphasis on doctrinal issues. "A number of the videos are not what a casual observer might think of as 'Islamist terrorism' videos. Rather, they are doctrinal videos debating precise points of doctrine about how God deserves to be worshipped.”
(5) http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/video-boston-marathon-bomber-tsarnaev-shown-new-gym-video-well-trained-conditioned-fighter-article-1.1359764#ixzz2oYHrYBUn and
http://www.wdsu.com/news/national/Boston-bombing-suspects-at-gym-before-attack/-/9853500/20370472/-/tlo4wn/-/index.html#ixzz2oYWv5ooW
(6) http://www.newvision.co.ug/mobile/Detail.aspx?NewsID=641888&CatID=2
(7) http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Boston-Marathon-Bombing-Suspects-JFK-NYC-Travel-International-203787721.html?_osource=SocialFlowTwt_NYBrand#
(8) http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1304/19/sitroom.01.html
(9) http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/04/19/scholars-caution-against-drawing-easy-religious-conclusions-about-suspects-boston-marathon-bombings/a5Iucv4ntQHgSvXchQqKOM/story.html
(10) http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/feature/wp/2013/04/27/the-tsarnaev-family-a-faded-portrait-of-an-immigrants-american-dream/
(11) http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/boston/10010412344358/neighbor-who-knew-suspects-speaks-out/
(12) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2311686/Tamerlan-Tsarnaev-Manipulated-younger-sibling-flipped-American-friend-Brendan-Mess-throat-slit-unsolved-murder.html#ixzz2oYOwuQuO
(13) http://www.illumemagazine.com/zine/articleDetail.php?Muslim-death-ritual-Tamerlan-tsarnaev-video-at-gym-14328
(14)http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2008/03/hair_today_gone_tomorrow.html
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